By Joe Hill
•
07 May, 2024
In the spring of 1902, Hanoi, Vietnam, stood on the precipice of its first bubonic plague outbreak. In the preceding years, French colonial efforts had focused on urban modernization, epitomized by the construction of nine miles of sewage infrastructure intended to equip the city with essential services, such as running water and flushing toilets. [1] However, despite the robust construction, the sewers' warm and damp environment unintentionally provided an ideal habitat for plague-carrying rodents. Before long, rats began to infest the streets, inundating Hanoi with unprecedented levels of disease.